Phycoremediation essays

Why Does Mozarts Talents and Lifestyle Cause Salieri to Take Revenge on God

Å"Why? ¦ What is my flaw? ¦ Until this day I have sought after uprightness with thoroughness. I have worked extended periods of time to alleviate my kindred men. I have worked and worked the ability you permitted me. What's more, presently I do hear it-and it says just one name: MOZART!.  It has been expressed all through the play Amadeus, by Peter Shaffer that two extremely one of a kind and various characters both have the affection for music. A man name Antonio Salieri and another name Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In any case, one individual gets jealous of a keeps an eye on virtuoso work, and way of life. An individual name Antonio Salieri in light of the fact that all through the play Amadeus, Salieri gets envious of Mozart through his accomplishment of being a performer, prevalent quality and obviously the aptitudes Mozart holds inside. From perusing the finish of the play of Act 1, Mozarts abilities and way of life cause Salieri to render retribution on God for some reasons. All through the play, one reason why Salieri rendered retribution on God in view of Mozart is the way that Mozart is a youngster who was conceived as a wonder. He was a person who was skilled past the methods for a normal kid. As per the play, the Venticelli I and II expressed that Å"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed his first orchestra at five. He did his first show at four and a full drama at fourteen (I. 3. 20-21).  That has a ton to state about Mozart in light of the fact that at that youthful age he had accomplished something incredible, and as they would state he was conceived as a skilled individual, a wonder. In this way, he felt that there was somebody who might be listening that may have been exceptional than or comparable to him in Europe. Another motivation behind why Mozarts abilities and way of life cause Salieri to deliver retribution on God is the way that Mozart engaged in extramarital relations with a student of Salieri, her name Katherina Cavalieri. The explanation that Salieri became enraged himself since he attempted to get with Katherina Cavalieri, Salieri cited Å"I was especially enamored with Katerina or if nothing else a desire (I. 3. 19) . Nonetheless, that didnt happen in light of the fact that he made a deal with God. Which obviously states, Å"Signore, let me be an arranger! Award me adequate notoriety to appreciate it. Consequently, I will live with prudence. I will endeavor to better the part of my colleagues. Furthermore, I will respect you with much music all an amazing times! (I. 2. 16. 17) . Antonio Salieri became jealousy of Mozart since he took Katherina Cavelieri into bed. Delineated from the play by Shaffer, Constanze cited Å"He doesnt drag them into bed! (I. 10. 48) . This was additionally another motivation behind why he begrudged Mozart, despised him and also later in the play took out his displeasure on God. In conclusion, another explanation is when Salieri took the compositions from Mozart since it holds enormity. It was the first duplicate of Mozarts virtuoso work, cited Å"She said that these were his unique scores (I. 12. 57). Moreover, it was cited Å"Then unexpectedly he grabs it, tears the strip, and opens the case and gazes covetously at the original copies inside (I. 12. 57).  This was probably the most compelling motivation why he begrudged Mozart as an individual since it takes him one attempt to finish his music and concerning himself it takes extended periods an d days to finish one of his own works, which could conceivably be contrasted with Mozarts unadulterated virtuoso work. Taking everything into account, the initial statement of the play is intended for the disdain of Mozart. It states, Å"Spiteful, sniggering, prideful, infantine Mozart who has never worked one moment to support another man! I. 12. 59).  The reasons expressed in the past passages were instances of the way that Salieri begrudged and detested Mozart, just as taken it out on God since he feels that he was deceived by God in way that he didnt take care of crushing Mozart who in reality is making Salieris, life more baffling, when in certainty he made a deal with God and did all that he guaranteed, and God does this. Subsequently, he Salieri suggested Å"Ill enlighten you concerning the war I battled with God through his favored Creature-Mozart, name Amadeus, The animal must be crushed (I. 12. 60). 

8 Works of Alternative History

8 Works of Alternative History It’s morning in America. And by “morning” I mean it happens to be “an election year.” The quotation marks are added only in the spirit of empty rhetoric. I will probably disavow any claims that I actually said them. Probably. Lots of folks get pretty fired up as elections approach (see also: me). It can seem at times that we are living on the cusp of the kind of future you might find in Utopia and the kind you might find in The Road, so we gather around televisions and mobile devices and social media and suddenly we understand the fervor and fanaticism of the world’s soccer fans. In short: we just about lose our minds. With the future sometimes hanging on a mere chad, I think that passion is forgivable. Though we might try to convince our friends and neighbors that one candidate or another is going to make things just the worst, I think we can take a little comfort in imagining that things could always be EVEN WORSE THAN THAT. Lucky for us, many books are waiting to offer us a glimpse into a scenario where things turn out differently. Maybe there is a different global leader. Maybe there is a different pattern to the map of the world. Maybe someone got a flat tire on their way to do something great or evil but nonetheless history-changing. Writers love to change history. So let’s turn off the TV, close up those social media apps, and get our blood pressure back down so we can raise it right back up by reading these alternative history fictions. The Man In The High Castle by Philip K. Dick: This speculative story is often cited as the point of entry for people looking to explore the genre of alternative history, and rightly so. Plus, you can stream the adaptation onto your screen  now so its popularity will probably stay pretty healthy. With the Allies crushed by the Axis powers, the United States becomes the new Berlin in that half is occupied by the Nazis and half is occupied by Japan, and the proverbial glass of optimism is more than half empty. Does it make one appreciate how close the world came to this troubling future? It does. The Year of the Hangman  by Gary Blackwood: This adventure for young readers is kind of like The Man In The High Castle meets Johnny Tremain, with more Ben Franklin (we always need more Ben Franklin, obviously). It’s a lean imagining of yet another switcheroo of victory and defeat as British forces quell the colonial rebellion, with a core of heart and loyalty pumping life into the story. You can tear through it fast enough, probably, to spend the rest of the day listening to the Hamilton soundtrack and learning to play the fife or running an underground newspaper or silversmithing or whatever. Napoleon in America by Shannon Selin.  The history between the United States and France is complex. There is a Napoleon Complex joke in there someplace, but I’m going to restrain myself from making it. When the exiled former Emperor is rescued and nursed to health (see also: if a book features voodoo, I’m totally in) (see also: there is voodoo healing in this book) and lands himself in a youthful America he discovers, true to the genre of alternative history, possibilities are aplenty. The dude is a military genius, and world powers clamor for him to assist their next moveâ€"the invasion of Texas, the liberation of Canada. We also get a glimpse into the weight of his care for his family. Just a superbly cool glimpse into what could have been a spark and tinder that might have reshaped so much of North America and Europe. The Yiddish Policemans Union by Michael Chabon: World War II could have gone a thousand different ways. In Michael Chabon’s imagined history, the exiled Jewish population doesn’t set up their home in Israel but instead in the frontier of Alaska, in the imagined district called Sitka. This alternative history is deliciously wrapped in the long brown coat of noir detective stories, but its rich world comes with all the complex hopes and tragedy of the timeline we live in. In fact, the world of Sitka is convincing enough that people have claimed to remember it being an actual place (see: Chabon’s essay on the subject in Maps and Legends ). Watchmen by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons: What happens when The United States brings an invincible superhuman to a global nuclear weapon fight? Well. Richard Nixon pulls an FDR and remains in office long past the usual term limit because the Vietnam War ends with American victory. So you can probably imagine what shape the worldâ€"as imagined by the darkly fantastic Alan Mooreâ€"is in within the pages of this brilliant and chilling comic book that helped revolutionize the genre in the 1980s. The Years of Rice and Salt by Kim Stanley Robinson: Okay. The “look how worse things could be” horse is almost dead but I still see it breathing a little, so let’s keep it going. The bubonic plague was a bummer of historic proportions, alternative or otherwise. This cheerful little novel ups the ante from a world in which the plague wiped out about a third of Europe’s population in a swollen, gross, fell swoop to a world in which about ninety-nine percent of that population died off. Times…times is tough. These Vicious Masks by Tarun Shanker and Kelly Zekas. This book, while not a perfect example of alternative history, has been described as “Jane Austen meets the X-Men.” And if that isn’t perfection, well then you and I will just have to agree to disagree. A classic element of alternative history is world building, or at least world redecorating, and the co-authors do a bang up job of opening up stiff, restrained and socially masked Victorian England into a place where superhuman abilities sometimes become unfettered. But the charming, witty chitchat of the period remains fully intact, don’t you even worry. The Dead Zone by Stephen King: While not exactly a textbook example of alternative history, our hero Johnny Smith wakes up from a coma with a neat new side effect: he can see into people’s futures when he touches them. This effect becomes especially neat when he shakes hands with a rising politician who is on the path to leading the world into an apocalyptic war. Johnny’s dilemma hinges on the decision to either ignore his vision and hope for the best or, as he frames the situation for the people in whom he confides, does he essentially “assassinate young Hitler to prevent the Holocaust.” It’s a tough moral call. So, I don’t know, maybe it’s meta-alternative history? Can that be a thing? This handful is a good place to get started, but I’m sure I have missed your personal alternative history fave, which I should run out and buy immediately. Sock it to me, Internet! Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Impact Of The Auto Industry On American Culture - 894 Words

The auto industry has been around long before I was born. Automobiles have become a necessity in American culture. â€Å"With the invention of the automobile and the mass production techniques of Henry Ford, which made the machine affordable, the American economy has been transformed by this key element in its prosperity.† (Davis, 2014) Being able to transport quickly from one destination to another is a great convenience. Almost every working family living in the United States owns at least one vehicle. Global competition in the industry: There are many vehicle manufacturers throughout the world. A few common vehicles seen in my state are GM, Chrysler, Lexus, VW, Honda, Toyota, Ford, and Jeep. Each company tries to stay ahead of the rest. Toyota, based in Japan, for example was one of the first businesses to introduce hybrid vehicles. This was a direct result of the oil embargo. After having three oil shortages automobile manufacturers are creating more fuel efficient, environmentally friendly products. New technology: Tesla created an electric car which plugs in to recharge. Some people have even created their own grease powered car. The grease can come from fast food restaurants or any business that serves fried food. An infinite amount of features are now available in automobiles. From stereos which can act as your phone to Wi-Fi being built into the vehicle. Recently, vehicles can now come with a feature which parallel parks for you. Google even invented aShow MoreRelatedFord Pinto Paper1349 Words   |  6 Pagesleaders. In the late 1960’s the American auto industry was facing the large challenge of selling American made cars in direct competition with the dominating Japanese auto industry. The Japanese were beginning to outperform the United States auto makers, due to their smaller, fuel efficient and low-cost cars. In response to the Japanese, Ford Motor Company decided to create a smaller and more affordable vehicle that would capture the interest of the American people. Pressured by competitionRead MoreEnvironmental Factors Of The Automotive Industry1201 Words   |  5 Pagespopulation. The leaders in the automotive industry must adopt some key elements to ensure success in this fast-moving environment. They must invest in knowing their markets, building brands, adapting product strategies and taking long-term view on their goals and objectives. This paper outlines some of the key factors which should be considered. Environmental factors automotive designers and engineers have alway s said the main threats in the American Automotive industry are the environmental factors suchRead MoreNorth American Automobile Industry Environmental Analysis773 Words   |  4 PagesNorth American Automobile Industry Environmental Analysis Global competition in the industry Of the top 10 automobile manufacturers globally, in 2014, America is represented 3 times, by Ford, General Motors and Fiat-Chrysler. The two top selling manufacturers, Toyota and Volkswagen Group are Japanese and German respectively (â€Å"Leading automobile manufacturers†, 2015). This indicates that there is significant, global competition and that competition is currently better placed than the American manufacturersRead MoreImpact Of The American Automotive Industry Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pages The American automotive industry is a massive force, to say the least. The historical impacts of automotive technology and assembly line manufacturing has effected economies around the world and has also created world-wide ecological challenges. Governments, under pressure from environmentalists, have had to realize, create, implement, and constantly refine manufacturing and emission standards. Consumers, who foot the gas bill for vehicles, continue to express their desire for less expensive autosRead MoreManaging the Complexities of the Change Process Relating to Supply Chain Performance1093 Words   |  4 Pagesevery industry facing greater turbulence and uncertainty there is a corresponding urgent need for concepts, frameworks, models and methodologies that provide enterprises with greater intelligence and agility in responding to threats and opportunities. The unique or special series of issues that complicate the change process are detailed in this analysis. Of the many industries faced with the need to be vigilant to change processes and seek out their contributions continually is the global auto manufacturingRead MoreVideo Games : The Video Game Industry1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe video game industry is one that continues to grow exponentially with consumers spending over $22 billion dollars on the gaming industry in 2014 (association, 2015). This popularity brings the opportunity to produce a stream of games that continue to expand in their na ture and impact on their audience. Video games are now artistic, social and collaborative, with many allowing massive numbers of people to participate simultaneously (htt). The collaboration of the video gaming industry doesn’t stopRead MoreJapanese Automakers in the U.S. Economy Essay1098 Words   |  5 Pagesknown as Americas Big Three. Should we feel guilty walking into a local Honda dealership to buy a vehicle that is more reliable and efficient than its American competitor? Are we obligated to buy an American car simply to help support the economy? Do Japanese automakers make a negative impact on the automotive industry? No. In fact, Japanese automobiles and the many markets they support stimulate the economy in many more ways than they weaken it. As you read on, Im sure youRead MoreThe Impact Of Nascar On American Sports Culture And Socio Economic Activities1750 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact of NASCAR in the American sports culture and socio-economic activities National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) is an imagined community that promoted nationalism in the US. Anderson Benedict categorically presented insightful information about the imagined communities through his numerous pieces of writing. He noted that the imagined communities promoted social integration, sporting activities among the US people, economic growth and cultural practices that include a newRead MoreAmerica s Involvement During Ww21013 Words   |  5 Pageseconomic, cultural, and political arenas. Some of these changes were the television becoming very popular, FDR tried to keep America neutral, America entered the war because of the attack on Pearl Harbor. The war did have a lasting effect on the culture of the time. Everyone was involved one way or another and everyone wanted peace. One major political change was the twilight of FDR’s New Deal. Economic changes started to occur during 1939. FDR has determined to keep the United States neutralRead MoreCharacteristics Of The American Dream1166 Words   |  5 PagesFor some eras and numerous decades, the idea of the American dream has guaranteed democratic culture and material thriving. For some, the thought of flourishing stayed only a fantasy. In any case, for a plethora of Americans in the 1950s, the American Dream turned into a reality. Post war, they had within their field of reach was the opportunity to have so much more than their predecessors. The 1950s in America were described by post war wealth and economically great circumstances. With the dismays

What Is It That Makes You Want You Become A Doctor

What is it that makes you want to become a doctor? If you ask any premed student what question they are asked most frequently, this is most likely going to be their answer. Although it may be a simple question, it does not always have a simple answer. It is not necessarily susceptible to being right or wrong, but rather based on one’s own opinion, gathered from their experiences. When I first embarked on this journey to become a physician, I felt as if I could never quite answer this question in such a way to give it the justice it deserves. That is to say, at that point in my life I knew that I had a strong passion for the field of science and medicine, but it was not always that way.In my freshman year of college, I lacked enthusiasm for the career fields I saw as my potential future. Confused, uninspired, and without direction, I entered community college with no certain end goal in mind. It was a terrifying feeling, knowing that the next few years may very well determine w hat it is that I would do for the rest of my life. After my sophomore year had ended, I spent time over the summer staying at a close friend’s home, whose father, a practicing emergency physician, became somewhat of a mentor to me. While perhaps unintentional on his part, and unknowing to me at the time, the conversations I had with Dr. X lead me to develop a curiosity for the medical field. It was in the pure and passionate way that he talked about why he chose to practice medicine, with a strongShow MoreRelatedEssay on Emergency Room Physicians1048 Words   |  5 Pagesof patients makes them valuable assets at every hospital. It also brings some perks. When sudden illness or acute injury strikes, patients turn to hospital emergency rooms for immediate medical assistance. An ER doctor, or emergency medicine specialist, is a physician who diagnoses and treats illnesses and injuries in a hospital emergency room or other urgent care setting. Emergency medicine is a financially rewarding career, and it also comes with the reward of saving lives. ER doctors require intensiveRead MoreLiving with Cancer1493 Words   |  6 Pagesasking how they’re doing and ask if you can do anything for them. Many find going to support groups helpful to accept the fact they have or lost someone to cancer. The awareness does show favoritism toward to certain cancers rather than all. It covers the ones with higher rates and more known killers. Doing your own research helps in many ways; if there are areas you don’t understand you can look to see if you can understand better before you ask your doctor questions. Doing research on differentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Flowers For Algernon 1033 Words   |  5 PagesPaper Imagine being 37 years old, and being told that you couldn t do things that other people could just because you had one thing that was wrong about you – being mentally retarded. This was Charlie Gordon s reality. He was an innocent, responsible man that did anything that he could to survive with his special need. One day, this all changed for him when he was told that a special surgery would be performed on him, and that he would become smarter. Unfortunately, Charlie learns a few thingsRead MoreAs I Get Ready To Leave The Locker Room, I Strap On My1334 Words   |  6 PagesFinally, the announcer calls your team’s name and you run out of the tunnel ready to face all your fears, show your strengths, and defeat that fear to lose embedded in the back of your mind. The opportunity arose, and whether we seized it or not, we walk back through the tunnel one last time, wondering if we crossed that white line for the last time. For me, this was the last time. This band of brot hers and I had left it all out on the field, and what we took away from that day was more than just aRead MoreMy Career Opportunity : A Physician877 Words   |  4 Pagesa pharmacist you ask? That is because every girl in my extended family has grown up to become a pharmacist after college. As a 10-yearl-old girl I looked up to my older female cousins and decided then and there that I wanted to do pharmacy. But that changed quickly after I moved away from my family in Canada to the United States at 12 years old. So, how did I change my mind about my future career? Well, I grew up. As you grow up, your interest change, your friends change, and you as a person changeRead MoreWrite An Essay On Patenting Animals1600 Words   |  7 Pagesbeneficial plants and animals to survive under harsh conditions). Make an argument as to why businesses that develop modified organisms should be able to preserve their property rights by patenting such organisms. Then, make a counterargument as to why such organisms should not be patentable. Research the issue online to develop supporting facts and arguments for each position. If you begin with a Google search of â€Å"patenting organisms† you will find several articles from institutions of higher educationRead MoreReflection Paper on Life Goals1504 Words   |  7 Pagesis not that people aren’t trying, but the American way of life has become a roadblock to the pursuit of health. In order to improve our health; we must shift our focus on improving our lifestyle behavior. Over the course of this semester, this class has taught me to analyze my overall well-being, stress level, and what to expect from my future. To begin I’ll start by introducing myself, goals, aspirations, education, and what life is like for me on a day to day basis. My name is Loretta; thisRead MoreNurses: The Patients Best Advocates Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pagesof medicine. These changes pertain to every position held in the medical field, including nurses. As doctors’ duty is to become well informed of the constant changes, it is just as important for nursing staff to evolve as well. Most people do not realize the very valuable role a nurse plays in the process of treating a patient. Actually, some would say that nurses are more valuable than the doctors’. It is the nurse that gives the direct patient care by working with patients to monitor, evaluate,Read MoreHealth Care Communication Paper800 Words   |  4 Pagesnursing home, I am going to make sure that this transition happens as smoothly as possible. The patients that have decided to stay must try their hardest to adhere to the new policie s that have been set. The patients that have decided to go somewhere else will very greatly missed. The patients who cannot communicate their decision for one reason or another will be placed where the staff and I see fit, whether it be in our facility or somewhere else. This facility wants to ensure all patients and residentsRead MorePatricio Acosta Essay #3 April 15 2014 Are You a Doctor? The story named â€Å"Are you a Doctor† by900 Words   |  4 PagesPatricio Acosta Essay #3 April 15 2014 Are You a Doctor? The story named â€Å"Are you a Doctor† by Raymond Carver is a very short yet interesting story. This story is about a man, Arnold Breit, who receives a phone called from a mistaken user. The woman that called Arnold, Clara Holt, was trying to reach someone else but the number she dialed was the wrong number. After a couple minutes of small talk and superficial conversations, the woman got the courage to ask the Arnold to come over to her

Internal Free Essays

In this essay I am notifying how we as humans except reality as which it’s presented. As a child I always looked forward to loosing plethora of teeth, because that meant the tooth fairy was coming to see me. For any child, it’s easy to believe, because your mind is still developing new things. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"For Instance, growing up believing in fairy tales that only existed to me, since it was always easy to dream. Everyday as my life continued, â€Å"l felt as if it was a replete with interpretation that never made me want to question reality. † Until one day reality came to my actualization, tooth fairies were never real it was all a dream. It wasn’t until I was 1 1 years old my whole perception had begun to change. Every late night I went to bed on time after loosing a tooth. It was as if it was all a daily routine to go to sleep wake up and find a tooth right under your pillow. The money under the pillow didn’t last for long, till I woke and saw my parents placing twenty-five cents there. So many times as a kid, I would always believe everything I heard, if my dad said Santa was real, of course I was good every Christmas and year. The reason I never questioned or asked myself these little things that mattered so much to me, it all came natural. Finally, growing up realizing how important my initial perception was I felt as if I should have known earlier. How to cite Internal, Papers

Toyota Production System free essay sample

. Vilas-Boas Afonso Taira, n? 61793, GEB1 Diogo Bustorff-Silva, n? 54746, GEB1 Manuel Trincao de Oliveira, n? 54730, GEB1 Pedro Neves, n? 38415, GEB1 Afonso Taira, n? 61793, GEB1 Diogo Bustorff-Silva, n? 54746, GEB1 Manuel Trincao de Oliveira, n? 54730, GEB1 Pedro Neves, n? 38415, GEB1 Index * Introduction The Automotive Industry History The History of Toyota * Case Study Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 * Conclusion What does the TPS mean, both industrially and culturally Mass amp; Craft Production The Toyota System Support Centre Automotive Industry History The  history of the  automobile  begins when European engineers began experimenting with motor powered vehicles in the late 1700s. By the late 1800’s steam, combustion, and electrical motors had been experimented. The combustion engine continually beat out the competition, and the early automobile pioneers built reliable combustion engines. Automotive production on a commercial scale started in Europe in 1890 but it was the USA who were the global leaders in total automobile production for many years. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had around 32 million automobiles in use (over 90% of them were produced by the US automobile industry). We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Production System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After World War II the USA produced about 75% of worlds automobile production. But in 1980 the U. S. was overtaken by Japan and became the world leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the US in production and continued leading until 2009, when China claimed the first place with 13. 8 million units. In 2011 China produced 18. 4 million units which is more than twice the number of automobiles made by the US (second place with 8. million units) which is followed by Japan (third place with 8. 4 million units). History of Toyota Toyota’s history started in 1897 when Sakiichi Toyoda entered the textile machinery business. In 1902 he founded Toyota, the Toyoda Group. The Toyoda Model G Automatic Loom was invented in 1924,  and in 1929 the patent for this machine was sold in order to generate the capital for the automobile development to start. The Automobile Department was started in 1933 as a division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works (TALW) devoted to the production o f automobiles under the direction of the founders son,  Kiichiro Toyoda. In 1936, Toyodas first passenger car, the Model AA, was completed and the price was 400 yen cheaper than Ford or GM cars. In September 1936, the company presented its new logo and the name Toyota was chosen. The newly formed word was trademarked and the company was registered in August 1937 as the Toyota Motor Company. By the early 1960s, the US had begun placing stiff import tariffs on imported vehicles. In response Toyota,  Nissan Motor Co. and  Honda Motor Co. began building plants in the US in the 1980s. Due to the 1973 oil crisis, consumers in the US market began turning to small cars with better fuel economy. Toyota received its first Japanese Quality Control Award at the start of the 1980s. In 1982, the Toyota Motor Company and Toyota Motor Sales merged into one company, the Toyota Motor Corporation. Two years later, Toyota entered into a joint venture with  General Motors  called the New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc,  (NUMMI), operating an automobile-manufacturing plant in Fremont, California. In the 1990s, Toyota began to diversify from producing mostly compact cars by adding many larger and more luxurious vehicles to its lineup. Toyota also began production of the worlds best-selling hybrid car, the  Prius, in 1997. Toyota was also present in Europe and so, the corporation decided to set up Toyota Motor Europe Marketing and Engineering,  TMME, to help market vehicles in the continent. In 1999, the company decided to list itself on the  New York  and  London Stock Exchanges. In 2002, Toyota managed to enter a  Formula One  works team and established joint ventures with French motoring companies  Citroen  and  Peugeot  a year after Toyota started producing cars in France. In 2005 Toyota ranked eighth on Forbes  list of the worlds leading companies  but fell to 55 in 2011. The company was number one in global automobile sales for the first quarter of 2008. Lately the company has found success with its smaller models (like the Corolla and the Yaris) as gasoline prices have increased rapidly in the last few years due to the oil crisis. Toyota  reached 200 000 000 vehicles as of July 2012 (after 77 years of production) but in October 2012, Toyota announced a recall of 7. 43 million vehicles worldwide to fix malfunction, showing Toyota’s pursue for perfection. QUESTION 1 The TPS was one of the most efficient manufacturing systems in the world. Describe the various elements of the TPS. What was Ohno’s contribution to the development and implementation of the system? Toyota Production System – TPS The  Toyota Production System  (TPS) is an integrated  socio-technical system that includes Toyota’s management philosophy and practices. Also known as â€Å"Lean Manufacturing† or a Just-in-Time system, the TPS has become well known and frequently studied around the world. The TPS, which s a production control system, was based on many years of continuous improvements with the objective of eliminating all â€Å"waste† and defects of the production line â€Å"making the vehicles ordered by customers in the quickest and most efficient way, in order to deliver the vehicles as quickly as possible  with high quality and low cost. The Toyota Production System (TPS) was established based on four concepts: The f irst is called Just-in-Time (JIT), the second is called Kaban (the Japanese word for Signboard), the third is called Kaizen and the fourth is Jidoka (which can be roughly translated as automation with a human touch). Based on the philosophies of JIT, Kanban, Kaizen and Jidoka, the TPS can efficiently and quickly produce vehicles of confirmed quality, one at a time, that fully satisfy customer requirements. Concepts of TPS Just-in-Time Just-in-time  (JIT) is a production strategy that strives to increase a business  return on investment  by reducing in-process  inventory  and associated  carrying costs. JIT is considered the foundation of Toyota Production System and was created by Taiichi Ohno who was inspired by the functioning of the US supermarkets. The main principle of JIT is to produce â€Å"only the necessary products at the necessary time and in the necessary quantities† and the main objective of JIT is to eliminate waste of all kinds by producing or supplying materials only when they are needed and not earlier. The adoption of the JIT strategy allowed Toyota to cut out the costs related with inventory and stores. JIT’s objective was to make the production process smoother by avoiding or eliminating unnatural peaks and gullies in production which could later create inventory problems. One of Ohno’s beliefs was that a smooth and continuous process would make all the production and quality problems float to the surface and these could then be corrected. Ohno’s motto was â€Å"speed without continuity is meaningless†, this means that a production line too fast or too slow will create inventory problems later on. JIT was based on reverse reasoning and the working of the production line started at the point of customer demand. This implied that when there was a demand for a certain model of car, its assembly began at the factory. When the assembly was ready to begin, the needed parts were delivered by the preceding process in the production line and when the parts had to be delivered to assembly, the supplier supplied the raw materials for their manufacture. In brief, the demand pulled the factory’s workflow. This concept is based on the Pull System of manufacturing which is the opposite of the regularly used Push System (where each process manufactured components to its highest potential and pushed them down the line creating excess inventory and blocking of the production line). In an ideal scenario, if JIT was achieved throughout the organization, inventory would be completely eliminated and the factory would have no need for stores or warehouses, thereby eliminating their costs. However, for factories like Toyota, which required thousands of parts to manufacture one car, achieving JIT in all processes automatically would be very difficult. The high complexity of the system would make it difficult for the previous process to correctly anticipate the exact quantities demanded by the subsequent processes. To surpass this difficulty the Kanban System was developed. Kanban Kanban is the pillar of JIT and helped Toyota achieve a high level of outsourcing. Kanban (meaning Signboard in Japanese) is a tool to effectively control production quantities that looked at the production flow contrarily. Workers of a process in the need of components wrote the details about the kind of units and the quantity which they needed on a card called Kanban. Another worker then took the Kanban card to the antecedent process and withdrew the amount required from it. This system was made up of a fixed number of containers, each holding a specific fixed number of parts. Every container had a set of kanbans attached to it which comprehended two types of kanbans: a withdrawal kanban and a production kanban. The withdrawal kanban detailed the kind and quantity of product that the subsequent process should withdraw from the previous process and the production kanban specified the same information about the parts that must be produced by the previous process. And so, all the processes in the production line were connected to each other through kanbans. The total number of containers and the number of parts each container should hold were calculated through Ohno’s formula. This formula showed the maximum amount of inventory that could be present in the system to â€Å"hold the process together†. By the early 200’s, the Kanban process had evolved into a sophisticated inventory management tool that ensured production in the required quantities at the exact right time in all manufacturing processes within the factory. Kaizen Kaizen is another important part of TPS. It meant ‘Continuous Improvement’ and required all employees to participate in eliminating all activities that were classified as ‘waste’. Kaizen was a continuous process, not periodic like in other companies and therefore, all activities that would improve productivity and safety fell under its scope. In this process all supervisors and team leaders had to be on the constant lookout for problems and resolve as many as possible on the spot. But they also looked for ways to improve productivity even when things were running smoothly. Kaizen involved a great deal of observation of workers and their work processes but the changes were usually small and incremental. Ohno believed that observation was the best way to spot problems and the constant observation would reveal problems that would otherwise escape one’s notice. He also emphasized the importance of people being in touch with ‘gemba’ or the place where the action was (in our case the factory). He would advise and urge managers to go to factories every day and come back with at least one idea for Kaizen. Ohno insisted that people asked ‘Why’ five times when confronted with any problem in order to reach the essence of the problem so it would not occur again. The focus of Kaizen was not only the identification of a problem and the development of a solution but the understanding of the problem and all of its alternatives thoroughly. Another important element of Kaizen was the Poka-Yoke or error proofing. This included the creation of processes that moved smoothly from step to step, without giving room for errors to appear in. This tool was also used to control the assembly line, sometimes by using cameras to find more efficient solutions or spotting minor wastes. Due to the extensive nature of Kaizen activities, support and commitment from the management was indispensable for a successful implementation and performance. Some analysts claimed that Toyota’s employees were trained to look for possible enhancements even in efficient processes, and it surprised many to see the improvements that were possible even in the best of systems. Some analysts even felt that Kaizen was the main reason why Toyota achieved its global success. Jidoka The human element played an important role in TPS and Toyota made an effort to promote their employee’s flexibility, teamwork and empowerment. This could be seen as most of Toyota’s worker were cross trained and could be shifted between different production lines. This flexibility of the production process, known as â€Å"Shijinka†, was a huge advantage because the company could adapt to the demand and had no need to recruit new workers when a demand for a certain product increased. Jidoka was the manifestation of Toyota’s commitment to empowerment of their workers. Jidoka was a philosophy that motivated and allowed workers to stop the equipment or operations whenever an unusual or defective situation was found in the line. The workers were also given the responsibility of improving their workstations as any employee at any level of the hierarchy had the right and almost obligation to make improvements in processes if he would see fit. This process was called â€Å"visible control† and all the workers took positive steps to improve or eliminate any waste that they identified. The priority order of the parts were also transmitted to the workers allowing each shop to conduct production activities without orders from the control department. This compensated the monotony of mass production and helped improve the production rates and the morale in the factories. The thought behind Jidoka was it was men who operated the conveyor and not the other way around and the confirmation of this was the trust that Toyota placed on their employees. Whenever a worker detected a defect or abnormality in the production line or even if he found himself unable to keep pace with the line, he could stop the operation simply by pulling a cord called the ‘andon’ cord. When pulled, the ‘andon’ cord would set off an alarm system and illuminate the color coded andon electric light board. This would alert all the workers and supervisors to the presence of a problem or defect in the line and if it was not rectified within a specific length of time, then the entire line would stop. This system helped direct attention to the problems as soon as they were discovered and that prevented a great deal of further complications. Usually the problem could be corrected immediately by directing attention to it and to the worker that had sounded the alert. Identifying the problem as soon as it occurred prevented the line from producing a complete lot of defective goods therefore this process helped Toyota achieve high levels of quality. This also showed the faith in Toyota’s workers ability as thinkers. To facilitate the spotting of deviations or defects, Ohno called for the work to be as standardized as possible with specific work instructions being given for every job. Stopping a line hundreds of time in one shift was a common practice at Toyota’s factories. Taiichi Ohno 1912 – Taiichi Ohno was born in Manchuria, China 932 – Joined the Toyoda Automatic Loom Works (TALW) 1943 – Moved to the Automotive Business as an Assembly Manager Late 1940’s – Started experimenting with different ways of setting up equipment to produce items needed in a timely manner Early 1950’s – Expanded on the ideas of Kiichiro Toyoda on JIT inventory systems 1956 – Visited the USA to study t he manufacturing processes used by American Companies 1975 – Was made Vice President of Toyota 1978 – Retired but remained associated with Toyota until 1982 1990 – Died at Toyoda City Ohno’s Contribuition to TPS Although the TPS was not Ohno’s work alone, he was the prime mover of its creation and is considered to be the father of TPS. Ohno streamlined and developed the TPS concepts into a formal and practical system. He was responsible for training a number of Toyota’s engineers in how to use and implement the system. Since Ohno was a great believer in the importance of people, he treasured values like respect, loyalty and lifetime employment and was accountable for developing the lifetime employment concept at Toyota which made workers more committed to the company. Ohno also initiated the practice of supervisors wearing the same uniforms as workers, creating the feeling of flat, non- hierarchical structure. He realized that the efficiency of manufacturing processes depended on the timely availability of raw materials therefore he gave a lot of importance to suppliers He also stressed the importance of observation to reveal problems that would otherwise escape one’s notice. Some analysts said that the systematic and continuous development and implementation of the TPS was due to Ohno. The evidence of Ohno’s importance and influence in Toyota could be seen when, in later days, employees began to ask themselves â€Å"What would Ohno have said or what would Ohno have done† when they faced a difficult problem Toyota’s advantages by adopting TPS The Toyota Production System and its concepts are the main reason why Toyota is one of the major automobile makers in the world. All the concepts behind the TPS were a great aid for Toyota’s development making it the company it has become today. While JIT allowed Toyota to eliminate costs related with inventory, warehouses and stores, the Kanban process facilitated the movement of inventory between different processes in the production line and ensured production in the required quantities at the right time and the concepts like Kaizen and Jidoka ensured that high levels of quality were maintained. Jidoka was not only a benefit in terms of quality as it, combined with other HR tools, resulted in high morale amongst the workers, who knew they were valued at Toyota. TPS conferred a great amount of flexibility and productivity therefore enhancing capabilities at Toyota. The flexibility provided by the TPS allowed Toyota to make the best use of its resources for greater productivity and quality. QUESTION 2 The TPS gave as much importance to people as it did to technical systems. What was Toyota’s HR philosophy? How do you think it benefited the company? The Toyota Production System is very much dependent on its Human Resources. Workers and their working time are one of the most-valued resources in a Toyota production line, maybe the most precious, and for this to be improved the workers need to be not only technically evolved but mentally available. The continuous improvement and eliminating of waste are based on workers’ experience, sight, and trained perfectionism. All the improvement to be made is based on workers’ experience in the working line. This happens because the worker is in the best position to spot errors, helping the development and improving techniques, and makes good contact with his supervisor. Due to their position in the working line, workers are the only ones with true sight of what is happening in their work place, also tracked by others, by the Kaizen observation. Following up the â€Å"Shijinka† ideal, it was possible for workers in a Mass Production factory to change between production lines, shifts, team positions, and the choice was given to choose to the employees according to their characteristics workers were the decision makers in this task. The â€Å"soft† aspect of TPS, also known as the respect for the humans/workers, cared for by the Human Resources, was a ‘new’ trend when it was implemented; until the day Taiichi Ohno took the lead of Toyota no one had ever worried about worker satisfaction and development before. The TPS showed concerns for work safety and the improvement of workers’ responsibility and authority, making them more productive and helpful to the TPS. Productivity was a constant goal, but means to an end were important, and sacrificing safety for an increase in productivity was not embraced. Jidoka’ a rope used to stop a production line; a symbolism to a process with the intention of improvement, and learning, without being disregarded by other colleagues and also improving the production rates and the morale of all workers, is part of the integral Human Resources ideal of valuing the worker. â€Å"Man operates the conveyor, not the other way around†. â€Å"Ji doka†, as well as helping Toyota achieve high quality, proves that a worker may as well be a â€Å"thinker†, and not just an input as the general industry considered them until Ohno proved them wrong. Because training and development of human resources were elemental in the Toyota Production System, the company invested substantially in developing the full potential of workers. Apart from the company’s aim for each new recruit, the company only allowed him to start his functions when he felt completely comfortable and confident, not one day earlier. In accordance to their Human Resource ideals, relations between Toyota and its suppliers were also carefully driven. As mentioned before, Toyota had a technical need for products and raw materials provided by suppliers. The understanding of urgency by the suppliers could be attempted by force and imposition, as was normal in the Western competitors, or could be achieved by a close trait, with strong cooperation and mutual help. Lastly, loyalty, and an expectation of a lifetime employment, gave the workers a sense of commitment to the company, and legitimate interest to help improving Toyota and themselves as workers in the Toyota Motor Company. Toyota’s mentality started on Ohno himself and went down even to the most standard technician. Question 3 What were the main advantages and challenges related to the TPS? What were the primary differences between Japanese companies and their western counterparts in terms of industrial culture? Like any other production system, the TPS is not immaculated as a whole. In terms of facts and figures, we may believe that such as system, that is able to combine both mass and craft production, is therefore the Pandora of production systems. In fact, we come across a number of advantages – some are just ‘better than the competitors’ factors, some we can call pioneer values in the industry. Speed, the most eye-catching characteristic in this industry, is one where Toyota definitely proved to be a few steps ahead of its major competitors, since the 5 days needed to complete a car is no less then 6 times faster than their closest competitor General Motors. Another valued asset in the industry is the flexibility of the workforce and the production process, something that allows for rapid response to either production inefficiencies. Not only is the TPS an extremely agile system, it proved to be the first ever to be prepared to assemble two different models f cars in the same assembly line. Another factor that comes into play when contemplating the highly efficient nature of the TPS is one of the major values of the company: Kaizen. As explained before, Kaizen made workers look at the bigger picture, growing in them a sense of constant dissatisfaction, a sense that even when things run smoothly, there is room for improvement. This, together with the strengths mentioned befo re (speed and flexibility) are features of the TPS which allow the company to deliver a high quality product, at extremely competitive prices, the motherload of any market. Furthermore, in complete contrast to their worldwide competitors (GM, etc), their human resources policy and Jidoka value springs high morale amongst the workforce, pushing towards the two last levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, with greater worker input. The relationship established and meticulously kept with Toyota’s suppliers further exploits the JIT methods, and boosts flexibility, to respond to almost any shock in demand, in quantity and in tendency standards. On the other hand, we have hostile relations with their workers, and suppliers kept at a distance; both representations of the industrial culture in the West – the sense of power is very much enjoyed by those in administrative positions in the West, it is part of a culture not only displayed in the industries, but in matters of everyday life. This means the hierarchical feeling and the extremely vertical display is hard to dismantle, proving to be the major difference with their counterpart in Japan. Being coherent with my opening statement, the TPS has several challenges that it must face. It is obvious that Toyota fits just right into the philosophy followed by the system, hence it seems flawless at first sight. Following attempts at its implementation in other realities, we come across that the time it requires for it to be put in practice is often the reason for several companies to have dropped it halfway: it needs years to reformulate and retrain the thinking ways of both the administrators and the workforce, hence calling for a reform in the company’s organizational culture – the case is that the company values must be altered to fit into the TPS and not the other way around. As a result, we have a reality where things first become worse before getting better; the TPS requires sustainability, since it is an ‘n’ year programme, ‘n’ being the years the company wishes to work under its matrices. Conclusion What does the TPS mean, both industrially and culturally? Mass amp; Craft Production. The Toyota System Support Centre The final stage of our case study is to find the relevance of the TPS in the worldwide industry over the years, as the world advances and evolves. The TPS is unlike any other logistics programme. The analysis we have presented shows that is not bound to analyze a production process and improve on its weaknesses; it means retraining and restructuring a whole company, from its production methods to every worker and administrator in terms of mentality. We can hereby conclude that the TPS is a whole philosophy, meaning it is no ‘1-year programme’ that lasts for life, it is an infinite year programme that requires constant implementation and therefore a committed leadership to the philosophy. Culturally, having on opposing ends the highly efficient modus operandi of the far-east Asian world and the much valued status and power feeling of the West, we have the main reason why TPS works wonders in some companies, and is a total disaster in others. It is not about the System, it is about the mentality. A company ruled in an autocratic manner, with little responsibility given to the workforce, old-fashioned leadership styles and alienisation of the employee – a reality in the Western culture – are the basic requirements for mass production. On the contrary, a highly creative and focused group, with little rule and hardly any concept of responsibility is the core of craft production – typical of artists and designers. In the middle lies the TPS, a system that combines the speed of an assembly line and the flexibility of a focus group, the peculiarity being the focus group is in fact the whole workforce, in which every employee participates in the production planning and production process. Lastly, bringing the Toyota group to the industrial world of now-a-days, we can get a sense of the impact the company and the System devised by Taiichi Ohno had had on the industry throughout the World. Toyota and its TPS have become objects of study throughout the industrial business, as seen in the ‘Additional Readings amp; References’ section of the case study. On practical terms, the TPS has become a benchmark for companies around the World, accounting for Fujitsu’s turnaround plan and Japan Post’s privatization in Japan, and various brands in the US, such as General Mills, helping these companies take a leap forward in the early years of the new millennium. Furthermore, following through with the statement that the true essence of Toyota and its success with the TPS is the mentality, we must highlight the TSSC. The TSSC (Toyota System Support Centre), headquartered in Kentucky in the 1990s, was set up with the aim of aiding companies implement the TPS. That alone shows Toyota’s open minded approach, additionally Toyota charges no fee whatsoever for its services. Toyota, with its philosophy, is not satisfied if they are the best amongst the worst; they are happy to let everyone ‘step up their game’ to increase competitiveness. Toyota production system free essay sample Toyota incorporated concepts just as supply chain management and inventory management to create high quality automobiles and gain a competitive edge in the highly competitive global automobile market. Toyota’s success and its lean manufacturing philosophy have been widely studied. The Toyota manufacturing system is centred on achieving a high level of productivity. The company has a unique approach to problem solving and it continuously trains its employees. The Toyota Production Systems is based on the lean manufacturing philosophy that seeks to minimize wastages and centres on cost reduction. The Toyota manufacturing philosophy emphasises on quality management through a process of continuous improvement. This report looks at how Toyota created its manufacturing system and the role of operation management techniques to enhance efficiency. This report examines the production processes and philosophy and Toyota to assess how the company has achieved a competitive advantage globally. The lean manufacturing philosophy pioneered by Toyota has become a benchmark for all manufacturing companies around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota production system or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The lean manufacturing philosophy includes concepts such as customer relations, product design, supplier networks and operations. The lean manufacturing practices have made Toyota achieve low cost production and allowed them to manufacture high quality cars at lowered costs. This report looks at how operations management techniques such as supply chain management and inventory management have led to efficiency and profitability at the Toyota Motor Company. 2. 0 Operations Management The study of operations management looks at the production of quality goods and service. The aim of this discipline is to create efficient and effective business operations. Operation management seeks to ensure the efficient management of resources along with the distribution of goods and services. Operation management seeks to enhance manufacturing performance and this study has proposed various techniques and a heoretical framework to achieve this goals. These techniques include quality management (TQM), just in time (JIT) or Leaning manufacturing. Other concepts in the field of operations management include six sigma and supply chain management. The competitive pressure for improved product quality has led to numerous operations paradigms emerging/ the most significant ones include Just in Time, Total Quality Management (TQM) AND Supply chain management (SCM). JIT seeks to eliminate waste and recue setup times, it also controls the material flows and focuses on effective resource utilisation. The TQM philosophy looks at developing a corporate culture that is customer focused empowers employees and seeks continuous improvement. The supply chain management integrates buyers and suppliers decision-making to improve the flow of materials in the supply chain. The JIT, TQM and SCM approaches improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the operations function (Kannan Tan, 2005). 3. 0 Toyota Production System (TPS) The TPS lead to the lean production movement that emphasises on eliminating waste from value streams. This production system is highly standardised. The production systems have buffers that are controlled through various pull signals. The lean production is very efficient and greatly improves quality that has given Toyota an edge in the global automobile markets. Toyota’s success as an automaker in the world is based on its expertise in creating a unique production system. This TPS is based on the principles of continuous improvement also known as Kaizen. The Toyota company has a highly decentralised workforce which is highly trained and takes part in the decision making process. The TPS consists of most successful Japanese production and work practices. This approach was developed by SakichiToyoda the founder of Toyota who pioneered the TPS. It was Taciichi Ohno that created the Just in Time (JIT) production systems. The JIT approach made Toyota more efficient and these techniques also incorporated total quality control, statistical process control and quality circles. The Toyota manufacturing system is characterised by a continuous flow of production that allows the company to be flexible enough to adapt to the demand conditions. The JIT ensures that only the required materials for the production are acquired at the right time. The JIT systems also include human resources in the cost and production systems . Toyota has also streamlined its production processes through implementing Total Quality Management (TQM) process to lower costs and enhance quality (Amasaka, 2002). The TPS is linked externally and to the entire production system, the main TPS practices are focused on detecting, assessing and eliminating sources of the entire production system. The sequential relationship amongst the external and internal links includes three types of interaction; the first is upstream integration which is between the external suppliers and internal suppliers within the firm. The internal integration is between the firm actors that own successive process stages as either internal suppliers and internal customers. The downward integration is between the internal suppliers that own the last process stage and firm’s external customers (Jayaram et al, 2012). Figure 1 Structural links internal and external to the organization Source Jayaram et al (2012) The problem solving framework at Toyota constantly evaluates the performance of the TPS by detecting any variance on the production process. The variance assessment includes part of product, people or personnel, procedure or method and equipment or machine. The system variation can result from product variation, poor quality or inputs, flawed design or misaligned processes (Jayaram et al, 2010). Figure 2 Toyota’s problem solving framework. Source Jayaram et al (2012) The employees can also lead to variations in the systems and performance owing to lack of proper training or motivation. Toyota has implemented a decentralised problem solving approach that empowers the works to make decisions. The principle of Kaizen is made possible with standardisation in the company. Toyota has standardised technical skills to ensure a flexible taff in the company (Jayaram et al, 2010). 4. 0 Just in Time Inventory Management The Japanese automakers have been very successful in improving their productivity and efficiency by focusing on continuous improvement. JIT has evolved from continuous improvement paradigm. The JIT creates a flexible environment in which the whole organisation is responsible for eliminating waste. Toyota Motor Company pioneer ed the just in time (JIT) production system during the mid-1970s the JIT production system is also known as the zero inventory production system. JIT manufacturing is a production philosophy that is based on three fundamental principles that include elimination of waste, continuous quality improvement, and a participative work culture. The JIT systems become more efficient and used the Kanban as an information exchange tool for different production lines. Through using the JIT the wastages in the production process are minimised and the defect prevention system enhance the quality of the products. To improve quality and automobile exports Toyota implemented Total quality controls in the company (Dahlgaard Dahlgaard-Park, 2006) . 0 Lean Manufacturing The lean production techniques have also be termed as the post Fordism system of work that is more efficient, humane and democratic. A central tenet of lean production is the concept of kaizen that is continuous improvement in the production process. The concept of lean manufacturing originates in the Toyota Motor Corporations; resulted from scarcity of resources and intense domes tic competition in automobile market in Japan. The lean philosophy incorporated the JIT production system and the Kanban method of pull production. Toyota also introduced the concept of respect for employees and team working (Hines et al, 2004). Lean manufacturing involves inventory and quality control, industrial relations, labour management and supply chain management. Studies show that lean manufacturing reduces human effort by 50% along with the manufacturing space, tool inventory and improved financial performance. This manufacturing system also includes lean logistics that is the ability to administer systems to control the movement of materials, work in process and finished inventories at the lowest cost. To ensure long term competitiveness a manufacturing firm has to develop capabilities of JIT production and delivery. The suppliers have to be able to respond to the increasing needs of the customers. The lean production system requires rapid flows of information along the value chain. Toyota uses the Kanban system to achieve this along with computerised information that can be exchanged with the suppliers to reduce lead times (Wu, 2003)6. 0 Supply Chain Management The supply chain management (SCM) is a key strategic factor for enhancing organisational effectiveness and achieving organisational goals. With the globalisation of the markets and increase in outsourcing companies use supply chain and logistics techniques to manage their operations. Toyota’s supply chain management approach focuses mainly on resources that were of critical importance. Toyota created a Keiretsu structure comprising of the dependent suppliers that worked in close proximity to the Toyota factories. The company outsourced aspects that were not critical to the ability of maximising the shareholder value. Toyota was able to create such a supply chain because the supplier was relatively dependent on them in highly contested markets. Toyota created an assembly based systems that was demand pull and JIT based, it had dominant power relationships with the suppliers. This allowed the company to be innovative and create a customised supply chain. Toyota also implements effective controls over quality, cost and innovation. The supply chain at Toyota can be described as entrepreneurial (Cox 1999).