Comparing Piaget and Vygotski Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparing Piaget and Vygotski - Essay Example The child learns from adults who behave according to the cultural norms in which the child is reared. The child uses certain adaptive tools for acquiring information from his or her surrounding, language is one such tool (Funderstanding, 2008). Following are some Key Terms of this theory: In Piaget’s approach towards learning, the purpose of education in class room is to provide pupils with opportunities to learn through interaction with the environment. According to Piaget all cognitive learning of a child occurs in stages. This learning is developed by forming of mental concepts. For this it is necessary for the child to have a supportive and rich environment that allows experiential learning. According to Vygotsky, the child’s primary source of education is the teacher’s personality rather than the school environment. The teacher is the child’s MKO i.e. more knowledgeable other and the child internalizes the teachers values and adopts the teachers traits automatically. So the value of education according to Vygotsky is to present the child with an MKO who will be the child’s role model and will transmit knowledge by demonstrating it in front of the child through his or her behavior and actions (Learning Theories, 2010). In Piaget’s approach, the teacher is just a supervisor. He or she just provides the child with an enriched environment, facilitates learning process monitors the child’s work and provides the child with countless opportunities to understand the world and develop his or her own cognitions about the world as the child experiences it. The teacher’s role in this theory is highly objective and impersonal. According to Vygotsky, the teacher is the role model for the child. Whatever the child learns is what he adopts from his teacher. Social cognition is developed in the child by blindly assimilating the teacher’s traits. Intellectual development comes after it. Therefore the role of

My Influential Person in Life Essay Example for Free

My Influential Person in Life Essay Power plant A power plant is an industrial facility that generates electricity. The source of the energy may vary, and includes nuclear, geothermal, diesel, among others. This energy is used to run the generators to provide more energy.A power plant is a building or station that is built to provide the production of power. It usually powers its local surrounding cities or towns. TRANSMITION LINE A transmission line is a material medium or structure that forms a path for directing the transmission of energy from one place to another, such as electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves, as well as electric power transmission. However in communications and electronic engineering, the term has a more specific meaning. In these fields, transmission lines are specialized cables and other media designed to carry alternating current and electromagnetic waves of highfrequency (radio frequency or higher), high enough that its wave nature must be taken into account. Transmission lines are used for purposes such as connectingradio transmitters and receivers with their antennas, distributing cable televisionsignals, and computer network connections. Electric GenerationThe electricity generation sequence involves taking charge from the Earth, doing work on it to give it energy (expressed in terms of voltage), transporting the energy via a distribution system, using the energy, and dumping the spent charge back to the Earth. The Earth acts as a charge reservoir and reference potential for the energy transfer process.While this picture of the Earth as the reservoir of charge from which charge is taken and to which charge is returned after the energy is used is the big picture of the large generation and distribution system, it may not be applied too literally in the local situation. You cannnot depend on a ground connection to the Earth to be sufficient as the path by which charge returns to the Earth. In particular, just a connection to a grounding rod is not a sufficiently low resistance path to provide shock protection by quickly carrying charge to the Earth in the case of a short circuit to ground. For electrical safety, the ground wire must be bonded back to the neutral of the supply transformer to force the tripping of the breaker in a ground fault situation. Electric Power Distribution| Grounding and Bonding| | Index Practical circuit concepts| HyperPhysics***** Electricity and Magnetism| R Nave| | Go Back| Electricity distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity to end users. A distribution systems network carries electricity from the transmission system and delivers it to consumers. Typically, the network would include medium-voltage (1kV to 72.5kV)[1] power lines, substations and pole-mountedtransformers, low-voltage (less than 1 kV) distribution wiring and sometimes meters.

Gender roles, identity and domestic violence

Gender roles, identity and domestic violence Gender is the division of people into two categories, men and women. Through interaction with caretakers, socialization in childhood, peer pressure in adolescence, gendered work and family roles, women and men are socially constructed to be different in behaviour, attitudes and emotions (Borgatta. E.F. andMontgomery, R.J.V,2000,p.1057). HOW DO WE LEARN TO ACT AS MALES OR FEMALES? We learn to act as males or females through:(1) gender roles (2) gender identity (3) gender socialization WHAT ARE GENDER ROLES? Gender roles are the roles that society assigns to men and women based on their gender. They especially influence relationships between men and women Womens lifestyles are changing to accommodate new careers, education and family structures, and their role in society is being adjusted accordingly. Education has evolved from providing them with skills necessary for building a family and managing a household into a more broad, extensive education that benefits them in a variety of careers as well as allows them to reach a higher social status as educated members of society. In secondary schools, teachers who provided female students with homemaking skills have switched to more intellectual courses like physics and biology. Bitter feminists around the world were often heard blaming men for the current state of the world, but it should be realized that part of the future of the twenty first century, is determined by how much women corporate with working with men to influence the direction of the nations of the world. There is the link of the relationship between female literacy and independence growth where the level of female literacy is higher and the dependency growth is lower. The twentieth century has been the dawn of a new era for women in the world. They have evolved and broken many barriers in social status and education level. Stemming from backgrounds that were tough and limited where they were maids, field labourers and cooks, they have definitely matured, transitioning to higher and more meaningful roles in society. Their determination and push for social equality has had a major role to play in the development of the world. This development is a major factor responsible for the state of the economies in the world today. Women have graduated from being mainly domestic workers to that of doctors, athletes, and Prime Ministers. They are also specializing in jobs that were once only occupied by men, for example, filling the position of managers, engineers, safety-officers and welders just to name a few. Young girls and women living in these modern times must take advantage of the opportunities provided and use the resources that are available to them. Women must become less dependent on the opposite sex and strive to earn their own in terms of possession and finances etc. Women are venturing out and challenging themselves but some of the men have occupied traditional female roles and at a slower pace, for example, men have become hairstylists, cooks house-keepers, baby-sitters etc. Traditional hierarchical organizations are a thing of the past. In the working environment, the strategies used by women to reach mid-management levels are preventing them from breaking through the glass ceiling. To be successful, both men and women must be able to get excellent results through people-oriented leadership practices. They become self-disciplined, ambitious and are likely to embrace a visible, take charge and influential approach to their roles. Contrary to common stereotype, women are better team players than men and are better at communicating and keeping people informed; are able to put the success of the team first, using influencing skills rather than authority to accomplish objectives. As far as leadership values go, co-workers rate women higher in such skills as hiring the right people for the job, developing and coaching subordinates, and organizing, monitoring and controlling the work of others. They are also better at creating a vision and setting clear direction and high standards of performance. Even though womens decisions are of high quality, they continue to be viewed as less objective, less flexible and lower in emotional control than men. Their more forthright communication style, may appear less polished and diplomatic than mens when dealing with those above them in the hierarchy. In the future, there should be transformational leadership for regional and national renewal for sustainable development using methods by the media, including church women and social welfare organizations and communications programmes on the concept and practice of a new kind of leadership, which is gender issues, and expectations in leadership and improving the capacity of various interests groups in understanding and analysing issues from gender perspective through seminars, workshops and public as well as community meetings. At a regional level, steps of the process of assigning people to do different tasks , must take place as well as setting up a monitoring framework and specific demands should be developed and implemented. From this a new culture will emerge when building positive relationships, command authority and interacting with the world. Everything involving women has changed and will continue to do so over the next decades. In every arena, women have continued to excel and have definitely made a dramatic difference in the world. WHAT IS GENDER IDENTITY? Gender identity refers to the feeling that one is male, female or transgender. Many things contribute to the formation of gender identity, including society, family and factors that are in place before birth. Transgender individuals may have the genitals of one sex but a gender identity, usually associated with the other; example, a person born with a penis who feels female may identify as transgender. According to Paul Connelly (1998), a study showed interesting insights into the relationship between gender and ethnicity. I t was seen that children in schools, though young brought the ways of thinking about masculinity, family and ethnicity into the school arena. I t was found that teachers at these schools were more likely to criticize the behaviour of black boys than other children, and for this the boys were sent outside for deviant behaviour, were singled out and instructed to stand by a door or wall, or even the outside the staff room during playtime. These boys were stigmatized for being black and were accused of being part of race crime and gangs. Their black sisters were perceived as potential disruptive children, likely to be good in sports and also singled out and punished. On the other hand, the South Asian boys were seen as immature rather than seriously deviant. Their behaviour was viewed as silly rather than a threat, and according to the teachers, they were described as passive, conformists and vulnerable. They were not able to express their masculinity as their performance in sports was not good. However, they preferred to focus on school work. The South Asian girls appeared to be more hard-working and obedient than the boys and compared to other girls. The teachers encouraged the girls to focus more on their school work which in turn caused them to be very competitive with other girls in the school. This study shows how gender and ethnicity interact in creating identities among children, also some of the ways this might influence educational achievement in schools as well as showing how these children create the gender identities found in schools. WHAT IS GENDER SOCIALIZATION? Gender Socialization is the process of learning the social expectations and attitudes associated with ones sex. Through this process, sociologists explain why human males and females behave in different ways; they learn different social roles, for example, girls learn to wash and keep a home clean and boys learn to clean the backyard and put out the rubbish. Socialization is the primary means by which human infants begin to acquire the skills necessary to perform as a functioning member of their society, and is the most influential learning process for a child to experience. Though the variation is materialized in the customs and behaviours of societies, the most fundamental expression of culture is to be found at the individual level, which can only occur after the individual has been socialized by the family, extended family and external social networks. This process of both learning and teaching is the way in which cultural and social characteristics are continued and passed down to generations. Sociologists, such as Durkeim, noted the relationship between norms, values and roles during socialization. The following are the different types of socialization: PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION This occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values and behaviour suitable to individuals as members of a particular culture. For example a child witnessing his/her parent giving a derogatory opinion about a minority group, then the child would automatically think that behaviour is acceptable and continue to have this opinion about minority groups. SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION This socialization refers to the process of learning what is acceptable behaviour as a member of a smaller group within the larger society. It is normally associated with teenagers and adults, and involves more minute changes than those which occurred in the former socialization; such as, relocating to a new environment or society. DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIALIZATION With this process learning behaviour is done in a social institution or social skills are developed. ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION Anticipatory socialization refers to the process of socialization where a person rehearses for future positions, occupations and social relationships, for example on the job training (O.J.T). RESOCIALIZATION This refers to the process of discarding former behaviour patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition on ones life. It occurs throughout the human life cycle and can be an intense experience with an individual having a sharp break with the past, and needing to learn and be exposed to radically different norms and values. An example would be a religious convert internalizing the beliefs and rituals of a new faith. An extreme example is the process by which a transsexual learns to function socially in a dramatically altered gender role. ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIALIZATION This process involves employees learning the knowledge and skills necessary to assume their organizational role. As they are new to the institution, they become socialized by learning about the organization and its history, culture and procedures etc. They also learn about the skills needed to do the job, their work group and formal procedures and informal norms. Socialization functions as a control system in that newcomers learn to internalize and obey organizational values and practices. WHAT IS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE? Domestic violence is a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviours and tactics used by one person over another to gain power and control. This may include verbal abuse, financial, emotional, sexual and physical abuse. Domestic violence occurs in heterosexual as well as same-sex partnerships, and crosses all ethnic, racial and socio-economic lines. Domestic violence has many forms of which there are five: PHYSICAL: which is inflicting or attempting to inflict physical injury. Examples of these are, grabbing, shoving, slapping, hitting, arm-twisting, kicking, punching, stabbing, shooting. Physical abuse can also be used to deny access to resources necessary to maintain health, such as, medical care, hygienic assistance, forcing alcohol and other drug use. SEXUAL: Forcing or attempting to coerce any sexual contact without consent, for example, marital rape, forced sex after beating, attacks on the sexual parts of the body. Another method used is attempting to undermine the victims sexuality, such as treating him/her in a sexually derogatory manner, criticizing sexual performance and desirability and accusations of indidelity. PSYCHOLOGICAL: this involves instilling or attempting to instill fear, example, intimidation, threatening physical harm to self/victim, threatening to harm/kidnap children, mind games, destruction of pets and property. There is also the method of isolating or attempting to isolate the victim from friends, family, school/work, example: withholding access to a phone, constant checking up, undermining victims personal relationships. EMOTIONAL: undermining or attempting to undermine the victims sense of worth by using constant criticism, belittling victims abilities and competency, name-calling, insults, put-downs, silent treatment, and undermining a partners relationship with the children. ECONOMIC: this involves making or attempting to make the victim financially dependent. For example, having and maintaining total control over financial resources including the victims earned income, public assistance if any, withholding money/access to money, requiring accountability and victim giving an account for all money spent. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST OF THE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY AND THE GENDER SCHEMA THEORY The social learning theory of Bandura specifies the importance of observing and modelling the behaviours, attitudes and emotional reactions of others. Most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling: from this, one is able to understand how the new behaviours are done. Aggression is one type of behaviour that can be learnt through models. Through a lot of research, it was found that children become more aggressive when they observe aggressive or violent models. Bandura stated that there were conditions that an individual requires before successfully modelling the behaviour of someone else. The person must first pay attention to the model in order to be able to remember the behaviour that was observed, then must be able to repeat what was demonstrated. Finally, motivation is needed to complete modelling a behaviour. Modelling helps to increase the frequency of similar behaviours, for example, a girl noticing her friend excelling in dancing and then she may try to excel in singing as she does not have the skills for dancing. Most of the time persons engage in certain behaviours because they believe they can put them into action successfully. As a result, it can be said that the person has high self-efficacy. Persons who have high self-efficacy tend t o be better and often achieve more at whatever they pursue. In contrast, the gender schema theory (Bem 1981) focuses on the role of cognitive organization in addition to socialization This theory postulates that children learn how their cultures and societies define the role of men and women and then internalize this knowledge as a gender scheme or unchallenged core belief. This scheme is then used to organize subsequent experiences. Childrens perceptions of men and women are thus an interaction between their gender schemas and their experiences. Eventually, they will incorporate their own self-concepts into their gender schema and will assume the traits and behaviours that they deem appropriate for their gender. So, even with children learning from modelling behaviour and also learning how their culture defines the roles of male and female, what is internalized and is actually modelled are very different in terms of positive and negative behaviours and roles. INTERVIEW OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SURVIVOR TAKEN ON 5/4/2011 Question: Is this your first experience of Domestic Violence? Answer: Yes. Question: When did you notice the signs of Domestic Violence? Answer: I was twenty, there were subtle signs from the relationship. The other person was ten years older than me. Question: When did you decide to seek help or did someone call for help for you? Answer: I called for help myself. Question: Were there others in your family who were also abused? Answer: No. Question: How many incidents have you experienced with Domestic Violence? Answer: Only one, but many were built into it. Question: Is this prevalent in your family? Answer: Yes, my mom and my two sisters went through it. Question: Which organisation did you contact or go to for help? Answer: I called the police after being beaten and raped, then went to hospital and subsequently a safe house in Piparo. Question: How did the organisation protect you? Answer: I had police security on 24 hour shift in Piparo in 2004, then the same in a safe house in Port-of-Spain. Question: What have you learnt from this experience? Answer: You never know your strength. Pay attention to the smallest signs, pay attention to what is said in jest. Question: What stood out for you from this experience? Answer: Having a relationship with God is what is most important. Knowing that it has a God and having a relationship with God are two different things. Question: What would you advise young people to do to avoid this situation or what to look out for before taking action? Answer: Look for signs of the person keeping you away from friends, belittling you and telling you ,you are not good enough. If youre hit once dont let a second time occur and the perpetrator saying look what you made me do. Question: Has this experience affected your psychological thinking about men? Answer: Yes, I dont have patience with men.

Is it Literature? Essay -- Writing Storytelling Language Essays

Is it Literature? When most people consider how to tell a story, they think in terms of plot and character. While these are often the most visible aspects of a story, there is an underlying foundation of principles that support a well-told story. These principles could be compared to a house foundation. Without a solid foundation, the other effects of the house, its "character and design," cannot be fully enjoyed. In the same fashion, the principles of storytelling are also mostly out of sight, but the effect of badly laid story foundation has effects just as damaging as a badly constructed house foundation. The purpose of this essay is to lay out the principles, that well-constructed literature will contain, in a manner that they can be considered individually. The principles can also be understood as a unified piece of rationalism that offers an overview of what well constructed literature consists of, and how it is written. Understanding these principles should be able to help a reader to distinguish between well-constructed literature and what tries to pass as literature. Literature is a world where every character, every action, every element has meaning and purpose. This is what makes literature fundamentally different from life. Life offers facts that don't necessarily have a clear purpose, meaning or outcome; events that generate emotional states that have no clear purpose or fulfillment; or events that captivate the senses, but not in a meaningful, dramatic, or fulfilling way. Real life, then, can be chaotic, or appear to lack a desirable purpose and meaning. For example, we don't marry the love of our life... or we do, and then things can go terribly wrong. Or the one we love is taken from us by a freak accident. Or we work hard but don't get the rewards we desire. Even worse, the rewards may go to someone who appears to be completely undeserving of the reward and honour we've worked to attain. So real life can be painful, unpredictable, or even wildly rewarding, but in spite of our best-laid plans or efforts, we can never clearly predict the outcome of any action or actions. Most people, then, have a need for something that gives meaning and purpose to the events of life. This is what literature will do. However, the beautiful thing about literature is that it may do this, or it may do the exact opposite. It may leave issues or c... ...grew up there. We can readily internalise this story because it is about the universal human experience of self-realization. The plot, the movement of the story, is just a means to this end. Well-constructed literature, then, can be analysed by understanding these principles of storytelling. By exposing the reasons why we desire stories, and how well-constructed literature can meet these needs that we bring to it, I sought to reveal what well-constructed literature will contain and how to identify it. During the colloquies, I struggled with a definition of good literature. However, I came to the conclusion that well-constructed literature is not necessarily good literature, and vice versa. So, instead of trying to conclude what good literature is, I decided to tackle the idea of what well- constructed literature is. It is important to remain aware of the fact that good literature is many things to many people. Different people will try to reach a different type of fulfillment. In my opinion, it is impossible to judge or define good literature, one may only attempt to judge or define what well-constructed literature is, as I hope to have done here, in this essay, for you.

Just off main street †summary Essay

In â€Å"Just Off Main Street† author Elmaz Abinader depicts the physical and social barrier between Americans and hyphenated Americans such as Arab-Americans who live in dual sensitivity facing identity crisis, racism and other various problems living in America. In the first part of the story â€Å"Crossing The Threshold† we learn of young Abinader, her family, their customs and how they are separated from the rest of the families in their town. In the second part of the story â€Å"Making A Writerâ€Å"Abinader explains how entering college changes her view on her identity that lead to the person she is today. Abinader grew up in a small Pennsylvanian town, her father and uncle ran three businesses through which they served the neighborhood. From the store gate Abinader saw no difference between her father and the people on the streets. This idea soon changed when she met the two Barbie like girls in school, she realized there was nothing in common between her and the other kids. Even though they didn’t know how her lifestyle was, they made fun of her. After she reaches home she understands her life and that of her peers are separated by the â€Å"magic door†. Since it’s a Wednesday Abinader’s mother prepared Arab delicacies which have â€Å"hypnotic† effect on her. The three boys and three girls of the Abinader family had after school duties, devotion to God, obedience to parents, and good school grades dominated the family. They gave little importance to interactions that took place outside the house. On holidays, relatives visited, they ate together, danced and enjoyed but Abinader knew that her life inside and outside the â€Å"magic door â€Å"would always clash, she would never be accepted by her peer and felt like an outcast. Abinader went to university of Pittsburgh when she grew up. That had nationality classrooms which represented different cultures. The Syrian-Lebanese room, one she wanted to see was locked and required permission to access. When she finally got into it, the royal furnishing and exoticness of the room made her feel proud. Soon she wrote about her heritage culture but she realized the Americans â€Å"exoticized† her. Focused on her writing, she wrote about her family and their history that was suppressed inside. Her writing was still inside the door.Outside the door she felt unwelcomed. Abinader didn’t give up and continued writing about the issues on identity, culture, etc. She participated in activism as a U.S citizen, marched, protested and created committees. Her writing made her feel like an activist as it conveyed her message more directly.

Ideological Film Analysis Essays

Ideological Film Analysis Essays Ideological Film Analysis Essay Ideological Film Analysis Essay Social inequality and unfairness are rampant instances that can be depicted on the position quo. These really act as culprits of intractable offenses in our societal surroundings. These are so the catalyze for the spread pf catching disease in the society- -disparity. And even in the game of love. these have been proven to be the barrier that creates a greater disparity among the societal positions of our society. From the movie entitled Wedding Crashers. the above-named scenario was clearly exemplified. Having the fact that the two cats. who act as the nuptials unwelcome guests. are common mans and the household of the misss they are eying for belong to the alta sociedad. the difference between the two becomes seeable. When the two nuptials unwelcome guests clashed with the girl of a household under the spell of political kingdom. the two different universes coincide portraying the different scenarios that genuinely go on in the society. The narrative is fundamentally about a brace of friends who work in a jurisprudence house and were involved in assorted instances sing divorce. This experience made them recognize what nuptials can merely convey to them and making serious about it is non their program. Therefore. the avocation of being marrying unwelcome guests become the result of their day-to-day experience and scoring maid of honors turn out to be a norm in their life. Until one twenty-four hours the spouses in offense ( Jeremy Klein and John Beckwith ) bumped into the world that non all of what they are making will merely take them to a laugh-out-loud experience and eternal rhythm of scoring adult females. The amusing life they ever anticipate turns out to be a large pandemonium that both of them do non cognize how to give solution into it. Never did they conceive of that a incorrect party they will oppress into will come along their manner and do them make up ones mind to halt eventually what they have planned and done habitually. The quandary comes in when they crashed into the marrying party of the girl of the Nation’s Secretary of Treasury and eventually fell in love with two of its sisters. Gloria ad Claire Cleary- a primary regulation they should neer interrupt but necessarily did. Belonging to the different faces of the society with different category position. political political orientation. sociological background an 500 points of position they are believing into. the the spouses in offense necessitate to make up ones mind whether or non they should still contend for the what they think is right or for what everyone else dictates them to be right. Taking into consideration their routinary life of cashing into the the nuptials. seducing and chat uping with whoever misss will be attracted to their machismo. now being crucially involved in a household dominated by political kingdom. the best of friends have to do a pick whether to turn their dorsum to what their past life brings them and eventually encompass a new life cheapness is perfectly different from the 1 they get used to because of love. But small did they know that the yesteryear they are seeking to get away from will be the hinderance that will endanger their manner towards prosecuting their love. The movie conveys the societal surroundings we are into: the art of seduction. the different societal strata. the effective influence of household upbringing and orientation. the quandary between earnestness. mere attractive force and field sex. and the equivocal disparity among working categories under the influence of political relations. The movie may portray a amusing scenario that we do encounter in our day-to-day life. But that is merely on the superficial portion. What we do non see is the deepness of the issues behind all of the laughters and amusing scenes. What we do non pay attending with is really what we need to analyse in the film. And what we do non hear after the gags being cracked and humourous lined being delivered is the true orientation of the disparity in the society. Appearance must non be regarded as the exclusive world. Not all we perceive as humourous in the superficial portion will still be consistent with that of the inside informations we have non encounter yet. True. the film is amusing! To crash into a nuptials merely to score adult females might look merely like an ordinary scene in the society. But to crash into a nuptials of a high-toned household belonging to a celebrated political icon and fell in love necessarily to its girl is another narrative. The disparity in the society sneakily reeks everyplace. And an effectual Panacea for this malady merely lies in our rational judgement and making off from the superficial word picture of the world. And of class. non merely mere comprehending that humourous thing can non meet a quandary brought by the societal unfairness.